7/7/2023 0 Comments Adhd digit spanPut differently, the measured task performance is an outcome of both basic and complex cognitive processes combined. For example, when an individual shows a deficit in reaction time and errors as a result of increased reaction time variability, and being easily distracted (i.e., deficits in basic processes), these deficits may manifest in any more complex function that built up on these processes. īasic cognitive processes can be seen as a foundation of complex cognitive processes. As for basic cognitive processes, many of complex cognitive functions are commonly indexed by slower and/or less accurate responses in different laboratory tasks such as working memory tasks, Stroop and Go/No-go response inhibition tasks, measuring executive functions. Impairments in complex cognitive functions such as executive functioning and memory have also been reported in ADHD, for a meta-analysis see. In most of the previous studies processing speed was measured by mean reaction times to simple stimuli while distractibility was measured by reaction time variability and/or omission errors, for review on reaction time variability in ADHD see. The studies even suggested that slow processing speed in ADHD may disappear after controlling for reaction time variability ADHD. Furthermore, compared to other aspects of task performance (e.g., reaction time delay and error rate), increased reaction time variability has been the most robust finding. Increased reaction time variability, in particular, is a consistently replicated deficit of neuropsychological performance in ADHD. Dysfunctions in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical neuroanatomical circuitry are thought to produce periodic lapses of attention causing periodic fluctuations and increased reaction time variability in children with ADHD. Increased distractibility in ADHD is attributed to an inability to filter out irrelevant information or excessive orientation towards task-irrelevant stimuli. More specifically, the shift in attention toward the non-target stimulus possibly leads to incomplete or incorrect encoding of the target stimuli (e.g., missing a go signal/cue required to execute a correct response in a stop signal task). Distractibility refers to individuals’ attention being pulled away from the target stimulus. Processing speed refers to how quickly an individual can react to a given stimulus within a limited time frame, it does not reflect individual differences in specific abilities, but rather differences in the time needed to execute cognitive operations. īesides the behavioral symptoms of ADHD, studies have reported impairments in basic cognitive processes such as slow processing speed, distractibility, and increased reaction time variability. The main behavioral symptoms of the disorder, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), are manifestations of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which start in early childhood and persist (especially the inattentive symptoms) into adulthood in about two thirds of the diagnosed cases. Individuals with ADHD have a higher risk to experience academic and occupational difficulties, and problems in their interpersonal relationships relative to their peers. įunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that negatively affects several life domains. Basic and Complex Cognitive Functions in Adult ADHD. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data is now available and the doi is Data can be cited as it follows: Mohamed S, Butzbach M, Fuermaier A, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S, Tucha L, Tucha O. Received: FebruAccepted: AugPublished: September 2, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Mohamed et al. ![]() PLoS ONE 16(9):Įditor: Trinidad Garcia, University of Oviedo, SPAIN (2021) Basic and complex cognitive functions in Adult ADHD. ![]() Citation: Mohamed SMH, Butzbach M, Fuermaier ABM, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S, Tucha L, et al.
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